- 12V lítiová batéria
- 24V lítiová batéria
- 36V lítiová batéria
- 48V lítiová batéria
Vlastná súprava batérií
- Zakrivená lítium-polymérová batéria
- Polymérová batéria s rýchlym nabíjaním
- Flexibilná polymérová lítiová batéria
- Ultratenká polymérová batéria
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By hoppt
"Automobil bol vynájdený v Európe a myslím si, že tu musí byť transformovaný." - Tieto slová Maroša Šefčoviča, slovenského politika a podpredsedu Európskej komisie zodpovedného za energetickú úniu, stelesňujú významný sentiment v európskom priemyselnom prostredí.
Ak európske batérie niekedy dosiahnu svetové prvenstvo, Šefčovičovo meno sa nepochybne zapíše do histórie. Bol na čele vytvorenia Európskej aliancie pre batérie (EBA), čím odštartoval omladenie európskeho sektora energetických batérií.
V roku 2017 na samite v Bruseli o rozvoji priemyslu batérií Šefčovič navrhol vytvorenie EBA, čo je krok, ktorý zhromaždil kolektívnu silu a odhodlanie EÚ.
"Prečo bol rok 2017 kľúčový? Prečo bolo zriadenie EBA pre EÚ také kľúčové?" Odpoveď sa skrýva v úvodnej vete tohto článku: Európa nechce prísť o „lukratívny“ trh s novými energetickými vozidlami.
V roku 2017 boli tromi najväčšími svetovými dodávateľmi batérií BYD, Panasonic z Japonska a CATL z Číny – všetko ázijské spoločnosti. Obrovský tlak zo strany ázijských výrobcov spôsobil, že Európa čelila hroznej situácii v odvetví batérií, v ktorej sa prakticky nič neukázalo.
Automobilový priemysel, ktorý sa zrodil v Európe, bol v kritickom bode, keď nečinnosť znamenala, že svetové ulice ovládli vozidlá, ktoré nie sú spojené s Európou.
Kríza bola obzvlášť ostrá, keď sa zvážila priekopnícka úloha Európy v automobilovom priemysle. Región sa však výrazne ocitol vo vývoji a výrobe napájacích batérií.
Závažnosť situácie
V roku 2008, keď sa začal objavovať koncept novej energie, a okolo roku 2014, keď nové energetické vozidlá začali svoj prvý „výbuch“, Európa takmer úplne chýbala na scéne.
Do roku 2015 bola dominancia čínskych, japonských a kórejských spoločností na globálnom trhu s napájacími batériami evidentná. Do roku 2016 obsadili tieto ázijské spoločnosti prvých desať miest v globálnom rebríčku podnikov s napájacími batériami.
V roku 2022 bolo podľa juhokórejskej spoločnosti SNE Research pre prieskum trhu šesť z desiatich popredných svetových spoločností vyrábajúcich batérie z Číny, ktoré mali 60.4 % podiel na globálnom trhu. Juhokórejské podniky vyrábajúce batérie LG New Energy, SK On a Samsung SDI predstavovali 23.7 %, pričom japonský Panasonic sa umiestnil na štvrtom mieste so 7.3 %.
V prvých deviatich mesiacoch roku 2023 dominovali v prvej desiatke globálnych spoločností zaoberajúcich sa inštaláciou energetických batérií Čína, Japonsko a Kórea, pričom žiadna európska spoločnosť nebola v dohľade. To znamenalo, že viac ako 90 % globálneho trhu s napájacími batériami bolo rozdelených medzi tieto tri ázijské krajiny.
Európa musela priznať svoje zaostávanie vo výskume a výrobe napájacích batérií, v oblasti, ktorú kedysi viedla.
Postupný pád pozadu
Inovácie a prelomy v technológii lítiových batérií často pochádzajú zo západných univerzít a výskumných inštitúcií. Koncom 20. storočia boli západné krajiny na čele prvej vlny výskumu a industrializácie nových energetických vozidiel.
Európa bola medzi prvými, ktorí skúmali politiky pre energeticky účinné a nízkoemisné vozidlá, pričom už v roku 1998 zaviedli automobilové emisné normy.
Napriek tomu, že Európa stála v popredí nových energetických koncepcií, zaostávala v industrializácii energetických batérií, ktorým teraz dominuje Čína, Japonsko a Kórea. Vynára sa otázka: prečo Európa zaostávala v priemysle lítiových batérií napriek jej technologickým a kapitálovým výhodám?
Stratené príležitosti
Pred rokom 2007 západní mainstreamoví výrobcovia automobilov neuznávali technickú a komerčnú životaschopnosť lítium-iónových elektrických vozidiel. Európski výrobcovia na čele s Nemeckom sa zamerali na optimalizáciu tradičných spaľovacích motorov, ako sú efektívne dieselové motory a technológie preplňovania turbodúchadlom.
Toto prílišné spoliehanie sa na cestu palivového vozidla viedlo Európu na zlú technickú cestu, čo viedlo k jej absencii v oblasti energetických batérií.
Dynamika trhu a inovácií
Do roku 2008, keď vláda USA presunula svoju novú stratégiu energetických elektrických vozidiel z vodíkových a palivových článkov na lítium-iónové batérie, bola EÚ ovplyvnená týmto krokom aj svedkom nárastu investícií do výroby materiálov pre lítiové batérie a výroby článkov. Mnohé takéto podniky, vrátane spoločného podniku medzi nemeckým Boschom a juhokórejským Samsungom SDI, však nakoniec zlyhali.
Naproti tomu východoázijské krajiny ako Čína, Japonsko a Kórea rýchlo rozvíjali svoj priemysel energetických batérií. Napríklad Panasonic sa od 1990. rokov zameriaval na lítium-iónové batérie pre elektrické vozidlá, spolupracoval s Teslou a stal sa hlavným hráčom na trhu.
Súčasné výzvy Európy
V súčasnosti čelí európsky priemysel energetických batérií niekoľkým nevýhodám vrátane nedostatku dodávok surovín. Prísne zákony o životnom prostredí kontinentu zakazujú ťažbu lítia a zdroje lítia sú vzácne. V dôsledku toho Európa v porovnaní so svojimi ázijskými náprotivkami zaostáva pri zabezpečovaní práv na ťažbu v zámorí.
Preteky o dobiehanie
Napriek dominancii ázijských spoločností na globálnom trhu s batériami Európa vynakladá spoločné úsilie na oživenie svojho priemyslu s batériami. Európska aliancia pre batérie (EBA) bola založená s cieľom podporiť miestnu výrobu a EÚ zaviedla nové nariadenia na podporu domácich výrobcov batérií.
Tradičné automobilky v boji
Európski automobiloví giganti ako Volkswagen, BMW a Mercedes-Benz výrazne investujú do výskumu a výroby batérií, zakladajú svoje vlastné závody na výrobu článkov a stratégie batérií.
Dlhá cesta vpred
Napriek pokroku má európsky sektor energetických batérií pred sebou ešte dlhú cestu. Odvetvie je náročné na prácu a vyžaduje značné kapitálové a technologické investície. Vysoké náklady na pracovnú silu v Európe a nedostatok úplného dodávateľského reťazca predstavujú značné výzvy.
Naproti tomu ázijské krajiny si vybudovali konkurenčnú výhodu vo výrobe napájacích batérií, pričom ťažili z včasných investícií do lítium-iónovej technológie a nižších nákladov na pracovnú silu.
záver
Ambícia Európy oživiť priemysel energetických batérií čelí značným prekážkam. Hoci existujú iniciatívy a investície, prelomenie dominancie „veľkej trojky“ – Číny, Japonska a Kórey – na globálnom trhu zostáva obrovskou výzvou.
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